CARBON EMISSION ANALYSIS OF PT TOBA BARA SEJAHTERA (TBS) ENERGI UTAMA TBK BASED ON SUSTAINABILITY REPORT

Sri Suryaningsum; Pandu Aryoseto; Ratih Sekar Ratnasari; Bambang Mahendra Andhika

doi:10.61677/count.v4i1.672

Authors

Sri Suryaningsum Magister Akuntansi, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
Pandu Aryoseto Akuntansi, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
Ratih Sekar Ratnasari Teknik Industri, FTI, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta
Bambang Mahendra Andhika Manajemen, Universitas Terbuka

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61677/count.v4i1.672

Keywords:

Carbon emissions, energy transition, decarbonization, sustainability reporting, GHG Protocol.

Abstract

This study analyzes carbon emissions of PT Toba Bara Sejahtera (TBS) Energi Utama Tbk during 2020-2022 as a case study of an energy company transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Using a descriptive qualitative approach with secondary data from sustainability reports, the research reveals a surge in GHG emissions from 230,135 tCO₂eq (2020) to 1,373,012.34 tCO₂eq (2022), a nearly six-fold increase driven by full operation of two 200 MW coal-fired power plants. Emission intensity rose from 1,125.8 to 1,920.8 tCO₂eq per million USD revenue. TBS's reporting practices align with GHG Protocol standards for Scope 1 and 2, but require improved methodological transparency and comprehensive Scope 3 disclosure. The study uncovers an energy transition paradox where long-term decarbonization commitments face short-term emission increases from existing fossil assets. The 2024 divestment of coal power plants is projected to reduce emissions by 85%, marking a transformative phase toward the 2030 carbon neutrality target. This research contributes to Indonesia's sustainability reporting literature and provides decarbonization strategy recommendations for transitioning energy companies.

References

Abeydeera, L. H. U. W., Mesthrige, J. W., & Samarasinghalage, T. I. (2019). Global research on carbon emissions: A scientometric review. In Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(14), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143972

Acquaye, A., Feng, K., Oppon, E., Salhi, S., Ibn-Mohammed, T., Genovese, A., & Hubacek, K. (2017). Measuring the environmental sustainability performance of global supply chains: A multi-regional input-output analysis for carbon, sulphur oxide and water footprints. Journal of Environmental Management, 187, 371-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.059

Acquaye, A., Ibn-Mohammed, T., Genovese, A., Afrifa, G. A., Yamoah, F. A., & Oppon, E. (2018). A quantitative model for environmentally sustainable supply chain performance measurement. European Journal of Operational Research, 269(1), 188-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.10.057

Bosi, M. K., Lajuni, N., Wellfren, A. C., & Lim, T. S. (2022). Sustainability reporting through environmental, social, and governance: A bibliometric review. Sustainability, 14(19), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912071

Burns, W. (2017). The case for case studies in confronting environmental issues. Case Studies in the Environment, 1(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.burns01

Crowe, S., Cresswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., & Sheikh, A. (2011). The case study approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11(1),1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-100

Fitriana, I., Hadiyanto, Warsito, B., Hilmawan, E., & Santosa, J. (2024). The optimization of power generation mix to achieve net zero emission pathway in Indonesia without specific time target. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, 41, 5–19. https://doi.org/10.54337/ijsepm.8263

Hasan, J., Thomas, A., & Tomos, O. (2024). Sustainable supply chain practices in the oil and gas industry: A case study. Sustainability, 16(5), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051720

Hazaea, S. A., Zhu, J., Khatib, S. F. A., Bazhair, A. H., & Elamer, A. A. (2022). Sustainability assurance practices: A systematic review and future research agenda. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(4), 4843–4864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17359-9

Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687

Isharyadi, F., & Kristiningrum, E. (2021). Profile of system and product certification as quality infrastructure in Indonesia. Open Engineering, 11(1), 556–569. https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0054

Klaaßen, L., & Stoll, C. (2021). Harmonizing corporate carbon footprints. Nature Communications, 12(1), 6149. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26349-x

Kleinheksel, A. J., Rockich-Winston, N., Tawfik, H., & Wyatt, T. R. (2020). Demystifying content analysis. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(1), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7113

Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(10), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006

Maharani, D. (2024). Carbon Emission Disclosure: A Study Of Manufacturing Companies In Indonesia 2018 – 2022. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 21(2), 101–116. https://doi.org/10.21831/jim.v21i2.78669

Matthews, H. S., Hendrickson, C. T., & Weber, C. L. (2008). The importance of carbon footprint estimation boundaries. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(16), 5839–5842. https://doi.org/10.1021/es703112w

Olmos-Vega, F. M., Stalmeijer, R. E., Varpio, L., & Kahlke, R. (2023). A practical guide to reflexivity in qualitative research: AMEE Guide No. 149. Medical Teacher, 45(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2022.2057287

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. In BMJ. 372. BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

PT TBS Energi Utama Tbk. (2022). Laporan Keberlanjutan 2022: Towards a Better Society. PT TBS Energi Utama Tbk.

Putri, N. A., Pamungkas, N., & Suryaningsum, S. (2022). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Institusional, Kinerja Lingkungan, Profitabilitas, dan Pertumbuhan Terhadap carbon emission disclosure. Jurnal Akuntansi Bisnis, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.24167/jab.v20i2.4826

Rahmanita, S. (2020). Pengaruh Carbon Emission Disclosure Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Dengan Kinerja Lingkungan Sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi. Akuntansi: Jurnal Akuntansi Integratif, 6(1), 54-71. https://doi.org/10.29080/jai.v6i01.273

Rajamani, L. (2016). Ambition and differentiation in the 2015 paris agreement: interpretative possibilities and underlying politics. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 65(2), 493–514. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589316000130

Sadai, S., Spector, R. A., DeConto, R., & Gomez, N. (2022). The Paris Agreement and Climate Justice: Inequitable Impacts of Sea Level Rise Associated with Temperature Targets. In Earth’s Future, 10(12), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF002940

Siagian, A. W., Daffa Alghazali, M. S., & Alify, R. F. (2023). Menuju transisi energi 2050: Quo vadis energi baru dan terbarukan. Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia, 9(1), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v9i1.471

Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039

Zhao, Z., Liu, C., Xie, H., Li, Y., Zhu, C., & Liu, M. (2023). Carbon accounting and carbon emission reduction potential analysis of sponge cities based on life cycle assessment. Water, 15(20), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203565