BETWEEN RITUAL, SELF-DEFENSE, AND HISTORY: A STUDY OF THE DAYAK 'MANGKUK MERAH' INCIDENT OF 1945 IN WEST KALIMANTAN

Mohammad Rikaz Prabowo

doi:10.61677/satmata.v4i2.1058

Authors

Mohammad Rikaz Prabowo Pendidikan Sejarah, Universitas Tanjungpura

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61677/satmata.v4i2.1058

Keywords:

Dayak, Mangkuk Merah, Pang Suma, West Kalimantan, ritual.

Abstract

The 'Mangkuk Merah' (red bowl) ritual, deeply intertwined with the cultural identity of the Dayak people in Kalimantan, is often viewed as a controversial practice. However, this ritual is linked to the very existence of the Dayak community—a people with deep historical roots—and serves an important, enduring function. This study aims to better comprehend the history of the Dayak people and the 'Mangkuk Merah' ritual that took place in 1945. It employs a qualitative method with a historical approach, utilizing data such as contemporary newspapers, eyewitness memoirs, and previous research findings. The analysis reveals that the Dayak tribes inhabiting Kalimantan steadfastly preserve their customs and culture, using traditional ceremonies and rituals to instill values of solidarity and cooperation (gotong royong). The 'Mangkuk Merah' ritual functions as a tool for maintaining social order and a mechanism for self-defense against external threats. It serves as a means of communication and consolidation to unite the Dayak tribes and signals the commencement of war—historically associated with the practice of headhunting. Although headhunting was abolished in 1896, the Dayak community has maintained the 'Mangkuk Merah' ritual due to its vital role. Between July and August 1945, the Dayak people performed the 'Mangkuk Merah' ritual in response to pressures and threats to their survival. The findings of this study offer greater insight into Dayak culture while enriching local historiography.

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